Identification of human cytomegalovirus target sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat. Potential role of IE2-86 binding to sequences between -120 and -20 in promoter transactivation.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the important medical consequences of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, we wanted to understand the molecular interactions that occur during co-infection. Specifically, in this study, we wanted to identify the transactivating target sequences on the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) that responded to HCMV infection. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: In this study, we transfected the HIV-LTR into human fibroblasts and then mapped the regulation of this promoter following HCMV infection and co-transfection with the HCMV immediate-early (IE) gene product IE2-86. In addition, we examined IE2-86 binding to specific sequences in the HIV-LTR by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: Our results documented that HCMV and IE2-86 could transactivate the HIV-LTR. In mapping the regions of the HIV-LTR that IE2-86 transactivates, we identified discrete target sequences between -120 and -20 that are the major transactivating regions for the IE2-86-mediated effects and determined that IE2-86 could specifically bind to several discrete sequences within this region of the HIV-LTR. CONCLUSIONS: Our discovery of the binding of IE2-86 to the HIV-LTR, coupled with its ability to transactivate the HIV-LTR and induce cellular transcription factors, points to potential molecular mechanisms used by HCMV to upregulate the HIV life cycle and, consequently, exacerbate the conditions observed in individuals co-infected with HCMV and HIV.