FROM SPRAWL CONTROL TO SPRAWL GOVERNANCE: ANALYSIS ON CHANGES OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR CITY SPRAWL IN THE UNITED STATES AND RELATED REASONS

Huge damages have been made by urban sprawl since the 20 th century in the United States. In response to the sprawl, people have adopted a variety of countermeasures, which can be divided into four stages according to the formulation times and different original intentions, i e, sprawl control(1920s), wise plan(1950s), growth management(1970s) and sprawl governance(1990s). And the primary strategies for these 4 stages are zoning, PUD, direct development and smart growth respectively. The change from sprawl control to sprawl governance is not only a transference from control to governance methods, but also a upgrading on the planning collaboration and comprehensiveness. Among the reasons for this change, the transference of western public administrative environment, the inherent advantages of governance, the further in-depth understanding on urban sprawl, and the changes of research methodologies and leading theories are the most important ones.