The Formation and Development of the Commercial Status of Guihua City in the Late Ming Dynasty

In the late years of Emperor Wanli's reign of the Ming Dynasty,the development of the intermediary trade in Guihua City initially connected the transportation and commercial networks of the Central Plain and Mongolia;hence its commercial status of the trade between Ming and Mongolia was secured.In the reign of Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty,the geographical advantages of Guihua City in the Ming-oriented trade and its easy transportation induced the rivalry for this city between the Mongolian tribes and the Late Jin.Accordingly,the city witnessed complex changes in its intermediary trade.Eventually it became a strategically important commercial presence during the Qing's political rivalry with Ming and the Mongolian tribes.