Research on fund raising and project financing in urban operations

Sources of funds mean the direction and channel of the funds,Financing tools mean the measures and ways being adopted in financing.The main sources of funds in urban operation are: national finance fund,bank fund,non-bank financial organization fund,enterprise fund,other unit fund,personnel fund,foreign fund.The main financing tools include: direct investment,project financing,operating of urban physical assets,loaning from commercial banks,loaning from non-bank financial organization,issuing financing urban ticket,issuing urban development lottery,issuing stock,financial leasing,financing by reserve equity,financing by stock option,social donation,asset permutation,operating of immaterial assets,financing by quality improving of physical assets quantity increase of immaterial assets etc.The project financing tools includes: BOT,ABS,TOT PFI.The fund raising in urban operation should apply financing portfolio.