Recent advances in plant immune system

Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction.Plants have evolved a series of complicated defense mechanism against pathogens during their long term process of co-evolution.Plants innate immune system efficiently detects and wards off potentially dangerous microbes.A first layer of this system is based on sensitive perception of pathogen-or microbe-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) at the plant's cell surface,which would active mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling cascade and burst early responses in plant resistance to pathogen attacks.The first layer recognizes and responds to many classes of microbes,including non-pathogens.With pathogens produce effectors to inhibit PTI,plants can perceive such effectors through additional receptors,typically nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat(NB-LRR) proteins,to mount a second layer of defense called effect or triggered immunity(ETI).Here,we highlight recent literature on plants innate immune system,and based on a detailed understanding of plant immune function,we should focus on the combination of the use of PTI and ETI to expand the antimicrobial spectrum of plant effectively and improve plants's disease-resistance.