The Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder in a Red Panda

The liver in a red pana is divided into right lobe which includes a right outer lobe, a right middle lobe and a right inner lobe, left lobe which includes a left outer lobe and a left inner lobe, and middle lobe which includes a small quadrate lobe and a caudate lobe with a big papillary process. The gallbladder-pit locates in the right inner lobe or in the right inner lobe and quadrate lobe. Two types of cystic duct, the straight cystic duct and the winding cystic duct, have been observed in the different red pandas. The dividing lines of hepatic lobules are extremely unclear. There are a little connective tissues in the liver. The polygonal hepatic cell has a big round nucleus with one or two obvious nucleoli. The structure of the liver and gallbladder in a red panda has been compared with that in a giant panda.