Vulnerability classification in man-land territorial system of mining cities based on triangle methodology

The vulnerabilities of 40 mining cities were classified into 6 types by triangle methodology,and the corresponding sustainable development suggestions were proposed.Most mining cities in east China are resource environment and social(RS) type and economy,resource environment and social(ERS) type,with low vulnerability.In central China,most mining cities are economy and resource environment(ER),RS and ERS types.The vulnerability in most west mining cities is high.Coal mining cities are mostly ER,RS and ERS types,while metal mining cities are almost ERS type.