Advances in bystander effects studies in vivo and methodology in microbeam irradiation of C.elegans nematode

The discovery of bystander effects,which has become the hotspot in the field of radiobiology,challenges the radiation protection according to the traditional method of linear extrapolation.The phenomenon and mechanism of bystander effects have been gradually understood by single-cell in vitro experiments in the past decade.Recently,with the development of single particle microbeam,the research shifts from cellular level to tissue and living animals which are more complicated.This paper gives an overview of bystander effects studies in vivo at home and aboard.Meanwhile an experiment system has been built to study the long-distance bystander effects in C.elegans.