Recent progress in the fabrication of photonic crystals

Photonic crystals have emerged as a new kind of microstructure materials whose dielectric constant changes alternately following the coordinates of space. Analogous to the normal atomic crystals, crystals with photonic bandgap can modulate the modes of electromagnetic waves in much the same way that semiconductors control the properties of electrons. There are a lot of methods to fabricate crystals. Here in the recent progress for preparation of crystals is reviewed.