On the Dual Natures of Capital

Capital has both of the social and the natural characters,and accordingly has both of the social and the natural forms.From the view of its natural character and form,capital is a sort of useful material,a sort of wealth.The source of value is unitary,namely labor;the source of wealth is of multi-elements.Not only are labor,but also capital and natural resources the source of wealth.In the socialist market economy,product is the main form of wealth.Of all sources,the one,the most basic and centered is human work and creativeness. This is the basic point of views on the socialist market economy.Outlook on wealth must be sound established in societies and favorable conditions must be created,and thus to have sources of wealth spring up.From the view of its social nature,capital is a kind of social relationships;from that of its social form, capital is a certain amount of value,or in other words,is value whose amount can increase,which is created by labor.Labor is the unique source of value,the core of labor theory of value.And it is the corner stone of Marxist economics.Today,the denotation of the concept of labor has been greatly expanded.Besides direct production labor,scientific and technological activities,managements,and services have already become new and important labor forms.Not only have those who make products in enterprises,but also those who provide services to production(such as RD person) already become labors,whose group has been largely widened.Labor is the unique source of value,but not all labor creates value.Only production labor creates value,and non-production labor does not.Labor not creating value,however,is not equivalent to exploitation,nor is to useless work.Any one in line with social norms and doing good to social progress is useful human labor,for instance,national defense,diplomacy and health care.Comparably,capital under socialism conditions has both common aspect with that under capitalism and its own new feature.Socialist capital is the one that can bring about net increased value,while private capital brings about net gain,one part of which is income from exploitation.It is determined by the current productivity in our country that exploitation,to a certain degree will exist long.