Bureaucratic Literati's View on Remonstrating against Emperors and the Political Ecology in Late Ming Dynasty

In the late Ming Dynasty,with the purpose of persuading emperors to stop or change some policies,the bureaucratic literati always expostulated intensely. Those officials who had been dismissed or beaten at the royal court because of remonstrating against the emperor would be regarded as loyal ministers. The description of the reputation of those loyal ministers and their self-statement of fearless remonstration reflected the mainstream political value in late Ming Dynasty. Nevertheless,introspection on expostulation also generally existed,which restraints the abuse of this behavior. Officials in late Ming Dynasty were quite active in remonstration,but they were gradually caught in an irreversible dilemma of performing the political ideal of saving the society through expostulation but without concrete practice. The power of discourse of the bureaucratic literati were strong seemingly,however,they failed to participate in the political practice until the collapse of Ming Dynasty.