On the Clan of the Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty——Taking Tongcheng Zhang Ying's Family for Example

Zhang Ying's family was not only a model of the imperial-examination clans but also one of the distinguished official clans and the scholarly families.Zhang Ying's family had made great achievements and more than 20 men had become Jinshi through the imperial examination in over 300 years from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty.Thus Zhang Ying's family had become one of the most distinguished clans,making much progress not only in the politics but also in spheres of learning,poems and the arts.The reasons for Zhang's success were the family's emphasis on the imperial examination,their union with the distinguished families by marriage,and their political groups by means of teachers and students.