Transforming of Forest Resources from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China in the Sanjiang Plain,Heilongjiang Province

The transforming of forest resources in the Sanjiang Plain began around from the period of late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.Using historical documents,literature and reports,also with field work,the paper first presents the restored forest records of Sanjiang Plain during the initial and middle periods of Qing Dynasty,then discusses the process and driving forces for forest changes,including agriculture and daily life,the Chinese Eastern Railway building,boat fuel development,and ginseng harvesting and gold mining.And lastly,the spatial characteristics of forest transforming are discussed.Forest changes occurred first locally in early and middle Qing Dynasty and then expanded along the rivers,railroads and villages during the period of late Qing Dynasty to early Republic of China.