A review of insecticide resistance in the natural enemies of pest insects

Research into insecticide resistance in the natural enemies of pest insects has both theoretical and practical significance for the combined use of chemical and biological control in integrated pest management(IPM). Insect natural enemies have huge potential value in pest control if they can be used simultaneously with insecticides in IPM. Current understanding of pesticide resistance in the natural enemies of pest insects is reviewed, including the effects of insecticides, present knowledge of insecticide-resistance, resistance mechanisms and factors limiting the development of insecticide resistance. The prospects for the future development of populations of natural enemies with high insecticide resistance is also discussed.