Advancements in the study of mantle convection and the material movements in the deep Earth interior

Now geo-science realized that the mantle convection is not the imagination of few geodynamical studies. It is the main frame of the mantle thermodynamic system. The study of the mantle convection and plate tectonics has been transformed from the simple discussions of the driving mechanics either passive or active into the discussions of en united mantle thermodynamic system. The mantle convection system (including plumes) not only the main subjects in the study of the mantle evolution, but also in the study of the continent formation and evolution. At the same time, the geophysical (in particular seismic tomography) and geo-chemical observations turn into the main way to investigate the mantle convection system. However, these two groups of data set are inconsistent in the inferring the structure of mantle convection. Some new mantle thermodynamic models based on the geo- chemical data became the strong challenge to the study of the mantle convection.