Is it really theoretical? A review of sampling in grounded theory studies in nursing journals

BACKGROUND: Grounded theory is a distinct method of qualitative research, where core features are theoretical sampling and constant comparative analysis. However, inconsistent application of these activities has been observed in published studies. AIM: This review assessed the use of theoretical sampling in grounded theory studies in nursing journals. DESIGN: An adapted systematic review was conducted. METHOD: Three leading nursing journals (2010-2014) were searched for studies stating grounded theory as the method. Sampling was assessed using a concise rating tool. RESULTS: A high proportion (86%) of the 134 articles described an iterative process of data collection and analysis. However, half of the studies did not demonstrate theoretical sampling, with many studies declaring or indicating a purposive sampling approach throughout. CONCLUSION: Specific reporting guidelines for grounded theory studies should be developed to ensure that study reports describe an iterative process of fieldwork and theoretical development.