The fading machine, and its use for the investigation of the effects of frequency-selective fading

The function of the fading machine is to simulate the frequency-selective fading which is characteristic of long-distance short-wave radio channels. Fading of this type is usually due to interference between waves which have traversed multiple paths between sender and receiver, and its effect is often to produce distortion of the modulation of radio waves. Many radio transmission systems have been devised with the object of minimizing the effects of selective fading; the fading machine enables different systems to be compared in the laboratory under precisely controlled fading conditions. The equipment described in the paper incorporates three transmission paths, the group time-delay differences between which may be varied in steps from 0 to 2 milliseconds. The phase differences between the paths may be varied manually (“static” fading) or continuously (“dynamic” fading), with fading rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 fades per second. Random noise, either fading or non-fading, may be included so as to synthesize a complete short-wave radio channel. The fading machine may also be used to simulate diversity reception obtained by spaced aerials. Examples are given of the use of the equipment to assess the merits of double-sideband, single-sideband and frequency-modulated transmission systems with telephony or telegraphy modulation, under conditions of severe selective fading and high noise level.