The F9-EC cell line as a model for the analysis of differentiation

The teratocarcinoma stem cell line F9 has been widely used as a model for the analysis of molecular mechanisms associated with differentiation. This cell line has been considered to be nullipotent and able to differentiate into endodermal-like derivatives upon treatment with retinoic acid. Nevertheless, under definite culture conditions, F9 cells are able to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. The F9 cells express characteristics of early mouse embryonal cells and possess all repression factors known to be present in cells of the early mouse embryogenesis. Induction of differentiation can be achieved not only by adding chemical agents to the culture medium but also by transfection of several oncogenic sequences. In somatic cell genetic experiments, immortalized, differentiated F9-like cells have been shown to express dominantly genes responsible for the appearance of the differentiated phenotype.