Spectra and electromagnetic transitions of 98–104 Zr in the interacting boson model

The low-lying energy levels and electromagnetic transitions of even-even nuclei 98 Zr, 100 Zr, 102 Zr, 104 Zr are studied within the framework of the interacting boson model. The Hamiltonian matrix elements and some of their states have been respectively analyzed and determined with respect to the current nuclear experimental data. The B (E2) of electromagnetic transitions have also been calculated and the wave function structures also analyzed. The results show good agreement with the available experimental data. The present study shows that these series of nuclei are in the transition from U (5) to SU (3), namely from vibration to rotation.