Wind Effects on Runup and Overtopping

The maximum distance a wave may travel up the face of a coastal structure, or rate of overtopping if runup exceeds structure crest elevation, are critical parameters in planning and design of a coastal structure. Runup and overtopping are usually estimated by empirical equations based on physical model studies that do not include the effects of strong onshore winds that are typically present during design storm conditions. While it is generally assumed that onshore winds will increase runup and overtopping over no-wind conditions, there is currently no means of accurately calculating effects of these winds on runup and overtopping.