Factors affecting changes in waterfowl populations in eutrophic wetlands in the Finnish lake district

From the 1970s to the 1990s, changes in breeding waterfowl populations were monitored at 26 well‐vegetated lakes in southern Finland. Extreme total population levels were found to differ by 40%, but between successive years fluctuations did not exceed 20%, the most unstable populations being garganey Anas querquedula , tufted duck Aythya fuligula , coot Fulica atra and pochard Aythya ferina. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effects of weather factors during wintering, spring and brood seasons on the variation in breeding waterfowl populations. The following weather factors were statistically significant in explaining fluctuations observed in four species; in garganey: spring temperature; in pintail Anas acuta: brood season temperature, winter severity in France and spring temperature; in goldeneye Bucephala clangula: winter severity in the Baltic and spring temperature; and in mallard Anas platyrhynchos: brood season temperature of the previous year. Mallard, teal Anas crecca , wigeon Anas penelope and goldeneye were shot in larger numbers than would be expected considering their respective proportions of the breeding waterfowl community. Hunting pressure on mallard, tufted duck and goldeneye was clearly higher in our study area than in other parts of Finland. Our results indicate that the level of hunting pressure in our study area may affect population densities of mallard.