Internal migration and technological development

In te r n a l m ig r a tio n research as w e ll as in te rn a l m ig r a tio n h a v e b een a lo n g tra d itio n in F in la n d .T h e fir st m ig r a tio n resea rch er, J. W . R o se n b e rg p u b lish ed h is d o c to ra l th esis » O m F a ttig d o m e n » (O n P o v e rty ) in 1858 .2O .K .K ilp i and A .E. T u d e e r w e r e a m o n g th e m ig ra tio n resea rch e rs o f th e e a r ly 1900s.T h e la te st d o c to ra l th eses co v e r in g in te rn a l m ig r a tio n in th e w h o le c o u n try w e r e issu ed b y R ein o L e n to (1951) and T a p a n i P u ro la (1 96 4).3In th e 1970s in te rn a l m ig r a tio n resea rch h as b e e n le ft in th e sh a d o w o f e m ig ra tio n resea rch , w h ic h h as b een m o r e e x te n siv e .E m ig r a tio n b eh a v ed u n e x p e c te d ly b y m a n ife stin g an a la r m in g g ro w th .F o r th is reason g re a t n eed fo r in fo rm a tio n p e rta in in g to e m ig ra tio n w a s fe lt.A t th e sa m e tim e in tern a l m ig r a tio n sh o w e d s ta b le tre n d an d c y c lic a l b e h a v io r .E v e n th o u g h , stu dies o n in te rn a l m ig r a tio n m o r e con cise in th eir p r o b le m settig and th eir spatial o r tim e d im en sio n h a v e b een c arried out.T h is p a p e r in ten d s to g iv e an o v e r -a ll v ie w o f in te rn a l m ig r a tio n .In tern al m ig r a tio n w ill b e c on n e cted th e o r e tic a lly and e m p ir ic a lly to th e eco n om ic lo n g te r m b a c k g ro u n d p ro cesses w h ic h u ltim a te ly a re its cause.T h is ex a m in a tio n h as a t im e -s p a n fr o m th e m id -1 8 0 0 s to th e p resen t d a y and also con siders fu tu r e pro sp ects.It w ill b e lim ite d to F in la n d .O n th e eco n om ic th e o ry o f in te rn a l m ig ra tio n In te rn a l m ig r a tio n is p r im a r ily a p h e n o m e n o n o n th e lo cal le v e l, b u t its cau ses and b a c k g ro u n d fa c to rs are also con n ected to th e m a c r o -, en terp rise and in d iv id u a l le v e ls as sh o w n in F ig u r e 1 (p.42). 1 A m o re e xtensive v e rs io n of this article has been p u b lish e d in F in n is h in vo lu m e »D e m o g ra fia n ja tk o k o u lu tu sse m in a a ri 1978», P u b lic a tio n N o. 5 of the F in n is h P o p u la tion Society, H e ls in k i 1979. 2 P aloposki, T o iv o J .: »A s u a alo illaan, olla o lo illa a n ».M u u tto liik e ja y h te isk u n n a n a rvostukset in v o lu m e » M u u ttu v a n p a ikallisyh teisön h is to ria », P u b lica tio n N o . 1 of the B u re a u of L o c a l H is to ry , H e ls in k i 1974, p. 67. 3 L e h to , R e in o : M aassam u u tto ja siihen v a ik u tta n e e t te k ijä t Suom essa vuosina 1878-1939, H e ls in k i 1951.P u ro la , T a p a n i: M aassam uu ton v ilk k a u s , P o rvo o -H e ls in k i 1964.29 T h e c en tra l b a c k g ro u n d fa c to r o f in te rn a l m ig r a tio n o n the m a c r o le v e l is the grow th o f prod u ctivity, w h ic h is rela te d to econom ic grow th an d w h ic h is m a n ife ste d a m o n g o th er th in g s b y a change in the econom ic structure.T h e g ro w th o f p r o d u c tiv ity h as b een stro n g e st in p r im a r y p ro d u ctio n an d in m a n u fa ctu rin g.M o r e o v e r , as the d e m a n d in th e fo r m e r is in fle x ib le , la b o r fo rc e is d ecreased .H o w e v e r , th e d e m a n d in m a n u fa c tu rin g is m o r e fle x ib le , th e re fo re it is m o r e c a p a b le o f p r e se rv in g its sh are o f th e la b o r fo rce.In the serv ic e in d u stries, th e g ro w th o f p ro d u c tiv ity is s lo w and th e d e m a n d fle x ib le ; th e r e fo re, th e la b o r fo r c e in creases str o n g ly in th is b ra n c h o f th e e c o n o m y .4T h e c h a n g e in th e eco n om ic stru c tu re can b e d iv id e d in to th e fo llo w in g s ta g e s :5 th e a g ra ria n so cie ty stag e, th e a cc u m u la tin g stag e, th e e x p a n d in g stage a n d th e so cie ty o f a n e w in te rn a tio n a l d iv isio n o f la b o r an d services.Stage I : The agrarian society stage In itia lly th e lo cation o f fa r m s is d e te rm in e d b y o n e in p u t fa c to r : the a v a ila b ility o f lan d.T h e la n d le ss p o p u la tio n m o v e s sh ort d istan ces fr o m one fa r m to a n o th e r in search o f su ita b le jo b s .6 O n th e o th er h an d , th e m igration m o v e m e n t m a y b e rela te d to la n d -c le a r in g a ctivity.Stage II: The accumulating stage 7 N e w in d u s try in u r b a n areas o r in th e p r o x im ity o f r a w m a te r ia l sources is b orn p r im a r ily on the b asis o f fo r e ig n k n o w -h o w .A t th e sa m e tim e , the 4 F o r m o re in fo rm a tio n , see H ie ta la , K a r i : T h e E co n o m ic Causes and Consequences of E m ig ra tio n .I n M ig ra tio n Research in S ca n d in a v ia .Proceedings on M ig ra tio n Research held at S iik a ra n ta , F in la n d , in J a n u a ry 3-5, 1973.M in is tr y of L a b o r, P la n n in g D iv is io n M ig ra tio n R e p o rt 1. H e ls in k i 1973, pp.182-187.5 T h e firs t stage th e o ry on the change of the econom ic stru ctu re w as presented b y A .G .B .F is h e r fro m N e w Zea land.L a te r theories such as the th e o ry of R o sto w and the one presented here in re latio n to m ig ra tio n are p rim a r ily based on the F is h e r th eory.T h e stage theories, especially the R o sto w th eory, h ave been criticized, because the stages do not succeed one after ano ther au to m a tica lly and th e y are not identical in all countries.I n this p a p e r the deve lo p m e n t in F in la n d is described and explained.I f the variables in clu d e d in this e x a m in a tio n h a d had d ifferent valu es (fo r instance m otives, values or the speed at w h ic h fore ign technology is adopted had been diffe re n t), the speed and the dire ction of deve lopm ent could h ave been d ifferent.T h e e x a m in a tio n of stage th eory presented here is no t intended to be determ inistic, cf.F is h e r, A lla n G .B .: T h e E conom ic Im p lica tio n s of M a te ria l Progress, In te rn a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w , V o l.X X X I I , G e n e va 1935; R ostow , W .W .: T h e Stages of E conom ic G ro w th , C a m b rid g e 1960.6 R osenberg, A n t t i: M u u tto liik e U u d e n m a a n läänissä esi-in d u s tria listis e n kaud en lo p u lla 1821-1880.H is to ria llis ia tu tk im u k s ia L X X , p u blish ed b y Suom en H is to ria llin e n S e u ra , H e ls in k i 1966, p. 58.7 C f. M y r d a l, G u n n a r : E co n o m ic T h e o ry and U n d e r-D e v e lo p e d Regions, L o n d o n 1957; P re d , A lla n : T h e E x te rn a l R elations of Cities d u rin g » In d u s tria l R evolu tion* in fr a str u ctu r e is b e in g c o n stru cted a c tiv e ly fo r th e n ee d s o f th e d e v e lo p in g in d u stry .L a b o r fo r c e fr o m th e ru ra l a reas w ill m o v e to th e jo b s th u s op en in g u p in in d u stry an d co n stru c tio n a c tiv ity .T h e p r im a r y jo b s o ffe r e d b y in d u stry and c o n stru ction a c tiv ity w ill g iv e b irth to su b seq u en t jo b s in th e serv ic e in d u stries, w h ic h also d r a w la b o r fo r c e fr o m th e ru ra l areas.T h e u rb a n iza tio n process c on n e cted w ith th e c h a n g e in th e ec o n o m ic stru ctu re h as b eg u n .E sp e c ia lly y o u n g p e o p le liv in g in ru ra l a reas c o m e to fin d th a t th e re is n o t en o u g h w o r k fo r th e m o n th eir h o m e fa r m s a n d /o r n o o th er su ita b le w o r k is a v a ila b le in th e ir o w n m u n ic ip a lity .B o th th e jo b s and th e p o p u la tio n are c o n ce n trated in u rb a n areas.T h e n et m ig r a tio n w ill g ro w p r o p o r tio n a lly w ith the size o f th e u rb a n a rea, so th at e sp e c ia