Multifunctional metamaterial designs for antenna applications

Over the last decades, Metamaterials (MTMs) have caught the attention of the scientific community. Metamaterials are basically artificially engineered materials which can provide unusual electromagnetic properties not present in nature. Among other novel and special EM applications, such as the negative refraction index (NRI) application, Metamaterials allow the realisation of perfect magnetic conductors (PMCs), which are of interest in the development of smaller and more compact antenna systems composed of one or more antennas. In this context, this thesis is focused on investigating the feasibility of using metamaterial structures to improve the performance of antennas operating at the microwave frequencies. The metamaterial design process is challenging because metamaterials are primarily composed of resonant particles, and hence, their response is frequency dependent due to the dispersive behaviour of their effective medium properties. However, one can take advantage of this situation by exploiting those strange properties while finding other antenna applications for such metamaterial designs. For the case of the PMC applications, the relative magnetic permeability values are negative, because they are found just above the resonance of the metamaterial. This thesis investigates several antenna applications of artificial magnetic materials (AMMs). The initial work is devoted to the design of a spiral resonator (SR) AMM slab to realise a low profile reflector dipole antenna by taking advantage of its PMC response. The spiral resonator has been used due to its reduced unit cell size when compared to other metamaterial resonators, leading to a more homogeneous metamaterial structure. In addition, a bidirectional PMC spacer has been applied to produce a small and compact antenna system composed of two monopole antennas, although the concept may be applied to other antenna types. A third application as an AMC reflector are the transpolarising surfaces, where the incident electric field plane wave is reflected at a polarisation rotation angle of 90 degrees. Such surfaces may be of interest to produce high cross-polar response reflecting devices, like the modified trihedral corner reflector that has been tested for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) purposes. Another application of the SR AMM metamaterial is the patch antenna with a magneto-dielectric loading. The relative magnetic permeability of the AMM metamaterial has values over the unity in the frequency band below the resonance. As a consequence, the patch antenna can be miniaturised without reducing its bandwidth of operation, in contrast to a typical high dielectric permittivity substrate. Finally, the SR AMM metamaterial also presents values of relative magnetic permeability between zero and the unity (MNZ). In such a case, the SR AMM metamaterial has been applied as an MNZ cover of a slot antenna, devoted to increasing the broadside radiated power and directivity of the antenna.