Commercial quarantine heat treatments.

This chapter focuses on the following: commercially used quarantine heat treatments (vapour heat, forced hot air, and hot water immersion); quarantine treatment protocols; quarantine security statistics; factors that directly affect the research, development, approval and implementation of quarantine heat treatments (number of target species and their life stages, location of the target pest on or in the commodity, the host status of the commodity in nature, thermal diffusivity of the commodity, physiological or morphological characteristics of the commodity, treatment tolerance in pests, economic feasibility of the treatment under commercial conditions, the difficulty of commercial treatment applications or regulatory monitoring, and treatment tolerance in commodities); effects on heat treatments on the quality of the commodity; experimental heat treatment equipment and heat treatment research; and commercial heat treatment equipment and facilities. Fruit flies are largely covered.