The People's Nuclear Weapon: Strategic Culture and the Development of China's Nuclear Weapons Program

China's nuclear weapons modernization during the last 25 years has spawned analyses regarding the strategic intent behind these technological developments, to include the possibility of a Chinese challenge to U.S. military superiority in the Asia–Pacific region. Yet analysis of the historical development trajectory of China's nuclear weapons program suggests it was never intended to support a direct military challenge. Indeed, after developing a nuclear-weapons capability in the 1960s, China produced only a small number of vulnerable nuclear weapons against the expectation of nuclear deterrence theory and despite confrontational relations with both nuclear superpowers. To explain China's nuclear choices, I utilize newly available information to argue that China's Mao-era strategic culture—with its emphasis on conventional weaponry utilized according to People's War principles—limited the initial scope of its nuclear weapons program.