Characterization of cell-specific modulatory element in the murine ornithine decarboxylase promoter

The promoter of the murine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene contains, adjacent to the TATA box, a cAMP response element (CRE)-like motif that interacts with specific nuclear proteins. Here we examine the role of this CRE-like element (CREL) in ODC promoter activation in proliferating cells. Mutations that abolished binding of nuclear proteins to CREL influenced only marginally the cAMP induction of the reporter constructs driven by 1.6 kb of the ODC promoter. Instead, these mutations altered the basal promoter function in a cell-specific manner, in that they reduced the promoter activity in CV-1 cells, but increased it in NIH/3T3, CHO and HeLa cells. Thus, depending on the cell type, the CREL motif is able to confer either repression or activation on ODC gene transcription. In contrast with 1.6 kb promoter constructs, the same mutations in the context of a shorter sequence (proximal 133 nt) reduced the promoter strength in all cell types studied. The ability of the CREL element to attenuate transcription seems to be connected with the function of some upstream regulatory elements. Differences in nuclear proteins binding to CREL, as studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), did not explain the findings on cell-type specificity in transcriptional activation, as mutations in CREL abrogated formation of specific CREL-protein complexes in all cell lines examined. The protein complexes interacting with CREL were not recognized by antibodies specific for CRE-binding proteins CREB-1 and CREB-2, or activating transcription factors ATF-1, ATF-2 and ATF-3. EMSA experiments also demonstrated co-operative interactions between the CREL motif-binding proteins and other nuclear proteins, such as Sp1, interacting with CG-rich sequences of the promoter. In conclusion, the proximal ODC promoter contains a well-conserved regulatory element, which is clearly different from the CRE/ATF element. This motif acts in concert with other distal and proximal elements in a complex cell-specific manner.