The influence of activity level and mode of exercise on bone mineral density in wheelchair users and able-bodied adult males

significantly lower BMD data when compared to R (P<0.001). Additionally, WU and C had significantly lower BMD at the spine (L1-L4) when compared with WT at P<0.01 and <0.001, respectively, and also when compared with B P<0.05 and <0.01, respectively. Analysis of the total left hip and left neck of femur (NOF) data revealed that all groups had significantly greater BMD than WU (P<0.001). Furthermore, R, WT and B had significantly greater BMD than C at the left hip, P<0.001, <0.01 and <0.05, respectively. At the left neck of femur, data analysis indicated that R, WT and B had significantly greater BMD compared with C at P<0.001, <0.001 and <0.01, respectively. Analysis of the total dominant forearm data revealed that B had significantly greater BMD at this site when compared with C (P<0.001) and WT (P<0.05) groups. No significant correlation was observed in any group between forearm BMD and handgrip strength indices.