Evaluation of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) Behavioral Response to Human and Related Odors in a Triple Cage Olfactometer with Insect Traps

A triple cage olfactometer provided with insect traps was used for evaluating behavioral responses of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) females to human skin and breath, CO2, and L-lactic acid analogs. After demonstrating there were no significant differences caused by cage location or time of day, 3 sets of 3 olfactometer tests were performed in a day, every 2 h beginning at 0900 hours. When a human hand was used as attractant, the attraction (expressed as percentage of trapped flies) increased as a function of the time; an inverted U-shaped relationship between attractancy and air speed was observed; and variation in fly density in the range 25-75 per cage did not affect the attraction response. When human breath was used as attractant the attraction increased linearly as a function of time and it was exhalation frequency dependent; when air flow was absent the highest response was observed; and 24- to 38-h-old flies were more attracted than younger and older. When CO2 was tested, activation and orientation and probing behavior were concentration dependent with flows ranging between 0.0001 and 0.038 liter s(-1), but attraction was not. No attraction was observed with 10, 100, or 1,000 microg of compounds related to L-lactic acid and several synthetic human odors and related compounds, although orientation was often observed.