2007Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fieldsOpen access

Thermodynamic behavior of the Friedmann equation at the apparent horizon of the FRW universe

Muhammad Akbar, Rong-Gen Cai

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Abstract

It is shown that the differential form of Friedmann equation of a FRW universe can be rewritten as the first law of thermodynamics $dE=TdS+WdV$ at apparent horizon, where $E=\ensuremath{\rho}V$ is the total energy of matter inside the apparent horizon, $V$ is the volume inside the apparent horizon, $W=(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}P)/2$ is the work density, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $P$ are energy density and pressure of matter in the universe, respectively. From the thermodynamic identity one can derive that the apparent horizon ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{r}}_{A}$ has associated entropy $S=A/4G$ and temperature $T=\ensuremath{\kappa}/2\ensuremath{\pi}$ in Einstein general relativity, where $A$ is the area of apparent horizon and $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is the surface gravity at apparent horizon of FRW universe. We extend our procedure to the Gauss-Bonnet gravity and more general Lovelock gravity and show that the differential form of Friedmann equations in these gravities can also be written as $dE=TdS+WdV$ at the apparent horizon of FRW universe with entropy $S$ being given by expression previously known via black hole thermodynamics.

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It is shown that the differential form of Friedmann equation of a FRW universe can be rewritten as the first law of thermodynamics $dE=TdS+WdV$ at apparent horizon, where $E=\ensuremath{\rho}V$ is the total energy of matter inside the apparent horizon, $V$ is the volume inside the apparent horizon, $W=(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}P)/2$ is the work density, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $P$ are energy density and pressure of matter in the universe, respectively. From the thermodynamic identity one can derive that the apparent horizon ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{r}}_{A}$ has associated entropy $S=A/4G$ and temperature $T=\ensuremath{\kappa}/2\ensuremath{\pi}$ in Einstein general relativity, where $A$ is the area of apparent horizon and $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is the surface gravity at apparent horizon of FRW universe. We extend our procedure to the Gauss-Bonnet gravity and more general Lovelock gravity and show that the differential form of Friedmann equations in these gravities can also be written as $dE=TdS+WdV$ at the apparent horizon of FRW universe with entropy $S$ being given by expression previously known via black hole thermodynamics.

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Available abstract

It is shown that the differential form of Friedmann equation of a FRW universe can be rewritten as the first law of thermodynamics $dE=TdS+WdV$ at apparent horizon, where $E=\ensuremath{\rho}V$ is the total energy of matter inside the apparent horizon, $V$ is the volume inside the apparent horizon, $W=(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}P)/2$ is the work density, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $P$ are energy density and pressure of matter in the universe, respectively. From the thermodynamic identity one can derive that the apparent horizon ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{r}}_{A}$ has associated entropy $S=A/4G$ and temperature $T=\ensuremath{\kappa}/2\ensuremath{\pi}$ in Einstein general relativity, where $A$ is the area of apparent horizon and $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is the surface gravity at apparent horizon of FRW universe. We extend our procedure to the Gauss-Bonnet gravity and more general Lovelock gravity and show that the differential form of Friedmann equations in these gravities can also be written as $dE=TdS+WdV$ at the apparent horizon of FRW universe with entropy $S$ being given by expression previously known via black hole thermodynamics.

Key concepts: Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, Apparent horizon, Friedmann equations, Physics, Mathematical physics, Horizon, Universe, Particle horizon

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