Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion

Preface Acknowledgments 1. INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION 1.1 The Air Pollution Problem 1.2 Sources of Air Pollution 1.3 Air Pollutants 1.4 Effects of Air Pollution 1.5 Regulatory Control of Air Pollution 2. ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Composition and Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere 2.3 State Variables and Thermodynamics 2.4 Atmospheric Stability 2.5 Conservation Laws and Atmospheric Dynamics 2.6 Large-scale Inviscid Flows 2.7 Small-scale Viscous Flows 2.8 Applications 3. ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Macroscale Systems 3.3 Synoptic Weather Systems 3.4 Mesoscale Systems 3.5 Microscale Systems 4. MICROMETEOROLOGY AND PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER 4.1 Introduction and Definitions 4.2 Earth-Atmosphere Exchange Processes 4.3 Vertical Distribution of Thermodynamic Variables 4.4 Vertical Distribution of Winds in the PBL 4.5 Turbulence 4.6 Gradient-transport Theories 4.7 Similarity Theories 4.8 Boundary-layer Parameterization for Dispersion APPLICATIONS 5. STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE 5.1 Reynolds Averaging 5.2 Probability Functions 5.3 Autocorrelation Functions 5.4 Spectrum Functions 5.5 Taylor's Hypothesis 5.6 Statistical Theory of Turbulence 5.7 Observed Spectra and Scales 5.8 Effects of Smoothing and Finite Sampling 5.9 Lagrangian Description of Turbulence 5.10 Parameterization of Turbulence for Diffusion Applications 6. GRADIENT TRANSPORT THEORIES 6.1 Eulerian Approach to Describing Diffusion 6.2 Mass Conservation and Diffusion Equations 6.3 Molecular Diffusion 6.4 Turbulent Diffusion 6.5 Constant K (Fickian Diffusion) - Theory 6.6 Variable K-Theory 6.7 Limitations of Gradient Transport Theories 6.8 Experimental Verification of K-Theories 6.9 Applications of K-Theories to Atmospheric Dispersion 7. STATISTICAL THEORIES OF DIFFUSION 7.1 Lagrangian Approach to Describing Diffusion 7.2 Statistical Theory of Absolute Diffusion 7.3 Plume Diffusion from Continuous Sources 7.4 Statistical Theory of Relative Diffusion 7.5 Puff Diffusion from Instantaneous Releases 7.6 Fluctuating Plume Models 7.7 Experimental Verification of Statistical Theories 7.8 Applications to Atmospheric Dispersion and Limitations 8. SIMILARITY THEORIES OF DISPERSION 8.1 Dispersion in Stratified Shear Flows 8.2 Lagrangian Similarity Theory for the Neutral Surface Layer 8.3 Lagrangian Similarity Theory for the Stratified Surface Layer 8.4 The Mixed-layer Similarity Theory 8.5 Experimental Verification of Similarity Theories 8.6 Applications to Dispersion in the PBL 8.7 Limitations of Similarity Theories 9. GAUSSIAN DIFFUSION MODELS 9.1 Basis and Justification for Gaussian Models 9.2 Gaussian Plume and Puff Diffusion Models 9.3 Diffusion Experiments 9.4 Empirical Dispersion Parameterization Schemes 9.5 Further Improvements in Dispersion Parameterization 9.6 The Maximum Ground-Level Concentration 9.7 Model Evaluations and Uncertainties 9.8 Limitations of Gaussian Diffusion Models 9.9 Practical Applications of Gaussian Diffusion Models 10. PLUME RISE, SETTLING, AND DEPOSITION 10.1 Momentum and Buoyancy Effects of Release 10.2 Plume-rise Theory and Observations 10.3 Gravitational Settling of Particles 10.4 Dry Deposition 10.5 Dispersion-Deposition Models 10.6 Applications 11. NUMERICAL DISPERSION MODELS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Short-range Gradient Transport Models 11.3 Turbulence Kinetic Energy Models 11.4 Higher Order Closure Models 11.5 Large-eddy Simulations 11.6 Lagrangian Stochastic Models 12. URBAN AND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY MODELS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Components of an Air Quality Model 12.3 Urban Diffusion and Air Quality 12.4 Regional Air Quality Models 12.5 Applications of Air Quality Models References Symbols Index All Chapters end with Problems and Exercises