Production process of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different soil cultivation and fertilization.

The influence of conventional and minimal soil cultivation in interaction with mineral fertilization and utilization of the by-product on the winter wheat yield, uptake of nutrients by yield and energetic effectiveness in experimental years 2004-2006 was investigated in the experiment. Within each soil cultivation method, three treatments of fertilization were applied: 0 - control without fertilizing, PH - rational fertilization with mineral fertilizers, PZ - rational fertilization with mineral fertilizers and incorporation of post harvest residues into soil. The rates of mineral fertilizers were determined on the basis of soil analysis for contents of available nutrients and planned grain yield of winter wheat (6 t ha -1 ). The rate of nitrogen was determined on the basis of soil and plant analysis. Different soil cultivation did not influence grain yield significantly. Higher yield by 0.17 t ha -1 was achieved at minimal cultivation than at ploughing. In fertilized treatments grain yield was significantly higher than in unfertilized control. On the average of three experimental years and cultivation methods, the highest yield of grain (7.26 t ha -1 ) was gained in treatment rationally fertilized by mineral fertilizers. As far as the preceding crop is concerned, common pea (Pisum sativum L.) seems to be better forecrop than red clover (Trifolium pratense) which is confirmed by high grain yield (6.25 t ha -1 ) on unfertilized treatment in year 2004 and by low fertilizer nitrogen rate (20 and 30 kg ha -1 ) determined in fertilized treatments, respectively. Common pea accumulated by symbiotic fixation such amounts of nitrogen which enabled to omit fertilization with nitrogen before sowing as well as in the term of regeneration dressing. Increment of grain yield was influenced by forecrop (21.7 %), soil cultivation (3.3 %), fertilization (32.9 %) and year (42.1 %). There was found out strong linear relationship between yield of phytomass and NPK nutrients uptake (r = 0.817 xxx ). One ton of grain