1980•Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fieldsRequires access

Quantum gravity and time reversibility

Robert M. Wald

Open publisher page 166 citations

Abstract

The meaning of time-reversal and $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariances of a theory is discussed both in the context of theories defined on flat spacetime as well as in general relativity. It is argued that quantum gravity cannot be time-reversal or $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariant; that an "arrow of time" must be fundamentally built into the theory. However, a weaker form of $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariance could still hold, in which case the fundamental "arrow of time" would not show up in the measurements of observers who perform scattering experiments. Consequences of this weaker hypothesis are explored.

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What this paper is about

The meaning of time-reversal and $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariances of a theory is discussed both in the context of theories defined on flat spacetime as well as in general relativity. It is argued that quantum gravity cannot be time-reversal or $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariant; that an "arrow of time" must be fundamentally built into the theory. However, a weaker form of $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariance could still hold, in which case the fundamental "arrow of time" would not show up in the measurements of observers who perform scattering experiments. Consequences of this weaker hypothesis are explored.

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OpenAlex reports 166 citations for this work. Citation counts describe recorded attention and do not establish research quality.

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Available abstract

The meaning of time-reversal and $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariances of a theory is discussed both in the context of theories defined on flat spacetime as well as in general relativity. It is argued that quantum gravity cannot be time-reversal or $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariant; that an "arrow of time" must be fundamentally built into the theory. However, a weaker form of $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariance could still hold, in which case the fundamental "arrow of time" would not show up in the measurements of observers who perform scattering experiments. Consequences of this weaker hypothesis are explored.

Key concepts: Arrow of time, Quantum gravity, Physics, Spacetime, Problem of time, Theory of relativity, Theoretical physics, CPT symmetry

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