Effects of Insect Defoliation on Growth and Mortality of Trees

costs are related to projected volume losses. These are mentioned in the sections with the specific defoliator. Effects of defoli ati on are in cluded in a recent life table approach to the analysis of insect impact (175). My review is limited to quantitative studies of tree mortality and incre­ ment reduction related to measured amounts of insect and artificial defolia­ tion in which the folia ge is removed at the time of treatment. The effects of defoliation 011 seed production, epicormic branching, wood quality, attack by secondary organisms, and foliation timing are often mentioned, but not ex1 The survey of the literature ended in January 1970 and with the 1968 index of