Smart metering tariff schemes combined with distributed energy resources

In the migration towards ICT-enabled power systems, smart metering plays a crucial role. Smart metering allows energy efficiency to be attained via price stimuli in different tariff schemes. An investigation of a case study for residential applications in Flanders shows that demand response allows substantial cost savings beyond the current double tariff rate. However, in the case for which distributed energy resources are available (photovoltaics and micro-CHP), it is not always beneficial to stimulate demand response based on price incentives when smart meters differentiate between the cost of electricity purchased or delivered.