2013•Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial ChemistryRequires access
Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
Mark Svilar, Gary Schuster, Terence M. Civic, Phillip Sabey, Edgar E. Vidal, Stephen Freeman, Günter Petzow, Fritz Aldinger, Sigurd Jönsson, Peter Welge, Vera van Kampen, Thomas Mensing, Thomas Brüning
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Abstract
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Mechanical Properties 4. Chemical Properties 5. Resources, Raw Material 6. Production 6.1. Beryl Processing 6.1.1. Beryl Processing: Sulfate Process 6.1.2. Beryl Processing: Fluoride Process 6.1.3. Beryl Processing: Chloride Process 6.2. Processing of Bertrandite: SX-Carbonate Process 6.3. Beryllium Hydroxide Separation Processes 6.4. Beryllium Metal Production from Beryllium Hydroxide 6.5. Beryllium Metal Production from Reduction of Metals and Fusion Electrolysis 6.5.1. Reduction with Metals 6.5.2. Fusion Electrolysis 6.6. Beryllium Refining and Further Processing 6.6.1. Vacuum Refining 6.6.2. Melting and Casting 6.6.3. Powder Manufacture 6.6.4. Powder Consolidation 6.6.5. Production of Single Crystals 7. Beryllium Specifications 8. Commercial Uses of Beryllium 8.1. Alloys Containing Less than 2% Beryllium 8.2. Pure Beryllium Metal and Alloys Containing Over 60% Beryllium 8.3. Beryllia (BeO) Ceramics 9. Beryllium Compounds 10. Chemical Analysis 11. Storage, Transportation, and Regulatory Aspects 12. Beryllium in the Environment 12.1. Major Sources of Beryllium in Water 12.2. Air 12.3. Estimated Total Exposure of the General Population to Beryllium 12.4. Beryllium Release by Plant Degradation 13. Economic Aspects 14. Occupational Health and Toxicology 14.1. Occupational Exposure 14.2. Toxicokinetics and Metabolism 14.3. Mechanism of Action 14.4. Effects in Humans 14.5. Occupational Health Regulations 15. Acknowledgement