Security-oriented program transformations

Security experts generally believe that, "security cannot be added on, it must be designed from the beginning" [1]. This is because the typical way of improving system security by patches is ad hoc and has not produced good results. My work shows that retrofitting security does not need to be a massive reengineering effort, nor does it need to be ad hoc. Security solutions can be added through systematic, general purpose security-oriented program transformations. I have been maintaining a catalog of security-oriented program transformations; so far the catalog contains forty two transformations. These transformations improve the traditional approaches of security engineering and keep software secure in the face of new security threats.