A measurement study of white spaces across diverse population densities

While many metropolitan areas sought to deploy city-wide WiFi networks, the densest urban areas were not able to broadly leverage the technology for large-scale Internet access. Ultimately, the small spatial separation required for effective 802.11 links in these areas resulted in prohibitively large up-front costs. The FCC has reapportioned spectrum from TV white spaces for the purposes of large-scale Internet connectivity via wireless topologies of all kinds. The far greater range of these lower carrier frequencies are especially critical in rural areas, where high levels of aggregation could dramatically lower the cost of deployment and is in direct contrast to dense urban areas in which networks are built to maximize spatial reuse. Thus, leveraging a broad range of spectrum across diverse population densities becomes a critical issue for the deployment of data networks with WiFi and white space bands. In this paper, we measure the spectrum utility in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan and surrounding areas and propose a measurement-driven band selection framework, Multiband Access Point Estimation (MAPE). In particular, we study the white space and WiFi bands with in-field spectrum utility measurements, revealing the number of access points required for an area with channels in multiple bands. In doing so, we find that networks with white space bands reduce the number of access points by up to 1650% in sparse rural areas over similar WiFi-only solutions. In more populated rural areas and sparse urban areas, we find an access point reduction of 660% and 412%, respectively. However, due to the heavy use of white space bands in dense urban areas, the cost reductions invert (an increase in required access points of 6%). Finally, we numerically analyze band combinations in typical rural and urban areas and show the critical factor that leads to cost reduction: considering the same total number of channels, as more channels are available in the white space bands, less access points are required for a given area.