Systems Models, Economic Models and the Causal Texture of Organizational Environments: An Approach to Macro-Organization Theory

Using analogies from systems theory and economic theory, a more precise specification of the nature of the problem posed by 'turbulent' organizational environments is developed. This analysis points to the need for macro-organizational theory to explain the behaviour of complex interorganizational systems. Models from political theory are used as a basis for studying the integrative problems of pluralistic systems and the process of macro-organizational management. The role of 'second order' and 'network' organizations in developing the capacity of a system to formulate and implement 'macro-policies' is discussed.