Segregation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in human oocytes and in animal models of mtDNA disease: clinical implications

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is almost entirely maternally inherited. Thousands of copies of mtDNA are present in every nucleated cell and in most normal individuals these are virtually identical (homoplasmy). mtDNA diseases may be caused by mutations in either mitochondrial or nuclear genes and, hence, give rise to maternal or autosomal patterns of inheritance. Antenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases based on chorionic villous sampling is available for Mendelian disorders and the syndromes caused by mutations at bp 8993 (associated with Leigh's syndrome and neurogenic weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)). However, prenatal diagnosis of many other maternally inherited mtDNA diseases is less reliable because it is not possible to predict with confidence the way in which heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations segregate within tissues and find clinical expression. This review focuses on the substantial progress in genetics that has been made recently, and on the management options that clinicians can offer to families.