A Review of Digital Techniques for Modeling Vacuum-Tube Guitar Amplifiers

Although semiconductor technologies have displaced vacuum-tube devices in nearly all fields of electronics, vacuum tubes are still widely used in professional guitar amplifiers.A major reason for this is that electric-guitar amplifiers are typically overdriven, that is, operated in such a way that the output saturates.Vacuum tubes distort the signal in a different manner compared to solid-state electronics, and human listeners tend to prefer this.This might be because the distinctive tone of tube amplifiers was popularized in the 1950s and 1960s by early rock and roll bands, so musicians and listeners have become accustomed to tube distortion.Some studies on the perceptual aspects of vacuum-tube and solid-state distortion have been published (e.g., Hamm 1973;Bussey and Haigler 1981;Santo 1994).Despite their acclaimed tone, vacuum-tube amplifiers have certain shortcomings: large size and weight, poor durability, high power consumption, high price, and often poor availability of spare parts.Thus, it is not surprising that many attempts have been made to emulate guitar tube amplifiers using smaller and cheaper solid-state analog circuits (e.g., Todokoro 1976; Sondermeyer 1984).The next step in the evolution of tube-amplifier emulation has been to simulate the amplifiers using computers and digital signal processors (DSP).A primary advantage of digital emulation is that the same hardware can be used for modeling many different tube amplifiers and effects.When a new model is to be added, new parameter values or program code are simply uploaded to the device.Furthermore, amplifier models can be implemented