Targeting land-use change for nitrate-nitrogen load reductions in an agricultural watershed

Abstract Antibiotic tolerance, the ability to temporarily sustain viability in the presence of bactericidal antibiotics, constitutes an understudied, yet likely widespread cause of antibiotic treatment failure. We have previously shown that the Gram-negative pathogen Vibrio cholerae is able to tolerate exposure to the typically bactericidal β-lactam antibiotics by assuming a spherical morphotype devoid of detectable cell wall material. However, it is unclear how widespread tolerance is. Here, we have tested a panel of clinically significant Gram-negative pathogens for their response to the potent, broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic meropenem. We show that clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella aerogenes, but not Escherichia coli, exhibit moderate to high levels of tolerance to meropenem, both in laboratory growth medium and in human serum. Importantly, tolerance was mediated by cell wall-deficient spheroplasts, which readily recovered to wild-type morphology and exponential growth upon removal of antibiotic. Our results suggest that carbapenem tolerance is prevalent in clinically significant bacterial species, and we suggest that this could contribute to treatment failure associated with these organisms.