Surgery of the Stomach, Duodenum, Gallbladder, and Bile Ducts

OUR last report on progress in abdominal surgery appeared here three years ago.1 In this report, we will confine our discussion to surgery of the stomach, duodenum, and biliary system, focusing on controversial questions. Since we have tried to keep the number of references to a minimum, our opinions sometimes appear without supporting evidence.Stomach and DuodenumGastroesophageal RefluxThe great majority of operations for esophageal reflux now use an abdominal approach, and the Nissen fundoplication continues to be the favorite procedure. The most important feature of a successful repair is restoration of the pressure exerted by the lower esophageal . . .