Non-dominated sorting differential evolution with improved directional convergence and spread for multiobjective optimization

A non-dominated sorting differential evolution algorithm with improved directional convergence and spread (NSDE-IDCS) is developed. Taking advantage of differential evolution, searching direction for a dominated solution is determined by its nearest non-dominated neighbor, while searching direction for a non-dominated solution is determined by other two non-dominated solutions. A simplex local search operator with an adaptive search probability is embedded to further exploit the neighborhood of non-dominated solutions.