The Impact of Nonlocal Ammonia on Submicron Particulate Matter and Visibility Degradation in Urban Shanghai

To study the role of submicron particulate matter on visibility degradation in Shanghai, mass concentrations of PM 1 , secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) in PM 1 , and SIA precursor gasses were on-line monitored during a 4-week intensive campaign in December 2012. During the campaign, 8 haze periods were identified when on average PM 1 mass increased to 62.1 ± 25.6 μ g/m 3 compared to 30.7 ± 17.1 μ g/m 3 during clear weather periods. The sum of SIA in PM 1 increased in mass concentration during the haze from 14.9 ± 7.4 μ g/m 3 during clear periods to 29.7 ± 10.7 μ g/m 3 during the haze periods. Correlation coefficients ( R 2 ) of the visibility as function of mass concentrations of SIA species in PM 1 show negative exponential relations implying the importance of the SIA species in visibility reduction. The important role of ammonia in SIA formation is recognized and demonstrated. Generally, ammonium neutralizes sulfate and nitrate and the molar equivalent ratio of ammonium versus the sum of sulfate and nitrate increases during the haze episodes. Air mass backward trajectories introducing the haze periods show the impact of nonlocal ammonia on visibility degradation in Shanghai.