The Role of Principal as Leader: Analysis of Variation in Leadership of Urban High Schools

The role of the principal as leader has been a subject of considerable debate and research in education. Many kinds of programs are designed to improve principals’ leadership capacity and skills. This study examines the leadership behavior and activities currently found among urban high school principals. Interviews were conducted with principals and teachers in a national sample of urban comprehensive high schools. Data were also collected on school size, student composition, and district centralization of decisions. The findings show that principals differ considerably in the degree of leadership they provide in six areas of potential school leadership. Very few were rated as strong leaders in all the areas, but in a minority of urban high schools, principals have taken the initiative to provide leadership in areas such as staff development, involving staff in planning, and improving instruction. The findings also show that district-level and principal leadership are positively related in some areas, supporting the view that leadership by principals can be increased through district policies and actions.