Chapter 3. Japanese National Values and Confucianism

One of the major works that traced the role of national culture in organizational behavior is the study by Geet Hofstede (1983). On the basis of the data from 116,000 employees working for a large multinational corporation located in forty countries, he was able to identify four dimensions of culture: (1) individualism versus collectivism, (2) high versus low power distance, (3) strong versus weak uncertainty avoidance, and (4) masculinity versus femininity.