Why have a Bill of Rights?

It is a joy as well as an honor to speak to you today about a subject that has been at the heart of my service on the Supreme Court.The American Bill of Rights, guaranteeing freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press, along with other important protections against arbitrary or oppressive government action, provides a noble expression and shield of human dignity.Together with the Civil War Amendments, outlawing slavery and involuntary servitude and ensuring all citizens equal protection of the laws and due process of law, the Bill of Rights stands as a constant guardian of individual liberty.My object this afternoon is not to argue that one or another right should be included in a catalogue of legal entitlements -that the American Bill of Rights is superior, for example, to the European Convention on Human Rights.Nor do I wish to join issue with Professor Hart, whose work has so enlightened us all, on the relation between law and morality or the extent to which legal rights, such as those enshrined in the American Constitution, have a conventional or naturalistic ground.My question is rather: why have a bill of rights, that is, some fairly general codification of civil liberties, at all?This is a large and difficult question.Part of the problem is its woolliness.The utility of a bill of rights cannot easily be gauged before its contents are specified.And even once the rights it protects have been defined, its efficacy .These remarks were delivered as the H. L.