2002•Journal of democracyRequires access

Elections Without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation

Andreas Schedler

Abstract

The idea of democracy has become so closely identified with elections that we are in danger of forgetting that the modern history of representative elections is a tale of authoritarian manipulations as much as it is a saga of democratic triumphs. Historically, in other words, elections have been an instrument of authoritarian control as well as a means of democratic governance.

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Key concepts: Authoritarianism, Democracy, Forgetting, Democratic governance, Corporate governance, Political science, Political economy, Control (management)