The genesis of absolute pitch: Theories and experimental findings.

This paper reviews theories and findings concerning the genesis of absolute pitch, defined as the ability to name a musical note without the aid of a reference note. Given the rarity of absolute pitch, there has been much speculation concerning its genesis. Four theories are evaluated: First, absolute pitch can be acquired at any time through practice; second, it is a rare genetic trait which rapidly becomes apparent as circumstances allow; third, absolute pitch is subject to a critical period that is specific to music; fourth, the faculty as generally documented is essentially language-based, and so is subject to the same critical period as are other aspects of language. In this context, the evidence considered that absolute pitch is present implicitly in most individuals, even those who are unable to label musical notes when these are presented in isolation. Findings concerning the neurological underpinnings of absolute pitch are also reviewed.