The virial theorem for the jellium model of metal surfaces

Abstract Exact general expressions of the virial theorem for bounded jellium systems are derived. Finite jellium systems, in contrast to infinite, unbounded ones are in equilibrium as a result of the dipole charge layer at the surface. This implies that the shape of the surface enclosing the jellium is important in the derivation of explicit forms of the virial theorem, and various cases are considered. The generalization of the Budd‐Vannimenus theorem in the case of a spherical surface is also discussed. A recent analysis of the virial theorem by Vannimenus and Budd is commented upon.